1207 SUPPOSED 1207 RECORD 1205 READING 1205 NEWSPAPERS 1204 ISRAEL 1204 ASK 1203 FINALLY 1202 ANTI 1200 LEAD 1197 COMMUNITY. CLOSER 460 ANALYSIS 460 TRAIN 459 PROTECTION 459 FRANCISCO 459 FOLLOWS 459 CAROLINA 459 THEREFORE 458 MISSED 458 TERRORISM. Words: 1202 - Pages: 5 Organization and Behavior. Enterprise was. All Organization Behavior Of Bangladesh Railway Essays and Term Papers +-Popular.

Website This article contains. Without proper, you may see. Bangladesh ( ( ) or;:, pronounced ( ), lit. 'The country of Bengal'), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh ( গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ ), is a country in. It shares land borders with and (Burma)., and are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it.

The country's maritime territory in the is roughly equal to the size of its land area. Bangladesh is the world's. Is its capital and largest city, followed by, which has the country's largest port.

Bangladesh forms the largest and easternmost part of the region. Include people from a range of ethnic groups and religions., who speak the official, make up 98% of the population. The politically dominant make the nation the world's third largest.

Most of Bangladesh is covered by the, the largest delta on Earth. The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km (5,000 miles) of inland waterways. With evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country. Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef. The longest unbroken sea beach, is located here. It is home to the, the largest mangrove forest in the world.

The country's includes a vast array of plant and wildlife, including endangered, the national animal. The Greeks and Romans identified the region as, a powerful kingdom of the historical, in the 3rd century BCE. Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh, which enjoyed international trade links for millennia. The and transformed the region into a cosmopolitan imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries.

The region was home to many principalities that made use of their inland prowess. It was also a notable center of the global and silk trade. As part of, the region was influenced by the and played an important role in. The made East Bengal a part of the; and renamed it as.

The region witnessed the in 1952 and the in 1971. After independence was achieved, a was established.

A was in place between 1975 and 1990, followed by a return to parliamentary democracy. The country continues to face challenges in the areas of,, and. Bangladesh is a and a.

Listed as one of the, its economy ranks in terms of nominal (GDP) and in terms of (PPP). It is one of the in the world. Its major trading partners are the, the, China, India,, and.

With its strategically vital location between Southern, Eastern and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation. It is a founding member of,, the and the Initiative. It is also a member of the, the, the, the, the and the. Bangladesh is one of the largest contributors to forces. Gold coin (about 670 CE) from the reign of King Rajabhata of the Khadga dynasty tools found in Bangladesh indicate human habitation for over 20,000 years, and remnants of settlements date back 4,000 years. Ancient Bengal was settled by,, Dravidians and in consecutive waves of migration. Confirms that by the second millennium BCE, -cultivating communities inhabited the region.

By the 11th century people lived in systemically-aligned housing, buried their dead, and manufactured copper ornaments and black and red pottery. The, and rivers were natural arteries for communication and transportation, and on the Bay of Bengal permitted trade. The early saw the development of metal weaponry,, agriculture and. Major urban settlements formed during the late Iron Age, in the mid-, when the culture developed. In 1879, identified as the capital of the mentioned in the. Records of the ancient Kingdom, which (according to legend) deterred the invasion of, are linked to the fort city in.

The site is also identified with the prosperous trading center of Souanagoura listed on. Roman geographers noted a large in southeastern Bengal, corresponding to the present-day region. Ancient and states which ruled Bangladesh included the, and Pundra kingdoms, the and, the, 's kingdom, the and, the, the, the kingdom and the. These states had well-developed currencies, banking, shipping, architecture and art, and the ancient universities of and hosted scholars and students from other parts of Asia. Of China was a noted scholar who resided at the (the largest monastery in ancient India), and traveled from Bengal to to preach Buddhism. The earliest form of the began to the emerge during the eighth century. The wall carvings on the 17th-century Atia Mosque built during the Mughal Empire Early Muslim explorers and missionaries arrived in Bengal late in the first millennium CE.

The Islamic conquest of Bengal began with the 1204 invasion by; after annexing Bengal to the, Khilji waged a. Bengal was ruled by the Delhi Sultanate for a century by governors from the,, Balban and. During the 14th century, an independent was established by rebel governors. The sultanate's ruling houses included the,,, and, and the era saw the introduction of a distinct mosque architecture and the. The region was brought under Bengali hegemony. The Bengal Sultanate was visited by explorers, and.

During the late 16th century, the (a confederation of Muslim and Hindu aristocrats) ruled eastern Bengal; its leader was the Mansad-e-Ala, a title held by and his son. The Khan dynasty are considered local heroes for resisting North Indian invasions with their river navies.

The controlled Bengal by the 17th century. During the reign of, the Bengali agrarian calendar was reformed to facilitate tax collection. The Mughals established Dhaka as a fort city and commercial metropolis, and it was the capital of for 75 years. In 1666, the Mughals expelled the from Chittagong. Mughal Bengal attracted foreign traders for its and goods, and the were a notable merchant community.

A flourished in the southeast, and a existed in the north. During the 18th century, the became the region's de facto rulers. The Nawabs forged alliances with European colonial companies, which made the region relatively prosperous early in the century.

The population was a product of conversion and religious evolution, and their pre-Islamic beliefs included elements of Buddhism and Hinduism. The construction of mosques, Islamic academies (madrasas) and Sufi monasteries () facilitated conversion, and played a significant role in developing Bengali Muslim society. Scholars have theorized that Bengalis were attracted to Islam by its egalitarian social order, which contrasted with the Hindu caste system. By the 15th century, Muslim poets were writing in the Bengali language. Notable medieval Bengali Muslim poets included, and. Cults, such as the movement, emerged on the fringes of Bengali Muslim society. The culture was significant in Bengal, where cities like became the easternmost centers of Persian influence.

British Empire. The 1906 All India Muhammadan Educational Conference in Dacca, After the 1757, Bengal was the first region of the Indian subcontinent conquered by the. The company formed the, which administered the region until 1858. A notable aspect of was the, which established the feudal system. A number of famines, including the, occurred under company rule.

Several rebellions broke out during the early 19th century (including one led by ), but British rule displaced the Muslim ruling class. A conservative Islamic cleric,, sought to overthrow the British by propagating Islamic revivalism. Several towns in Bangladesh participated in the and pledged allegiance to the last Mughal emperor,, who was later exiled to neighboring Burma. And The challenge posed to company rule by the failed Indian Mutiny led to the creation of the as a, and the first was built in 1862. And promoted modern and on the subcontinent, inspiring the and the.

During the late 19th century, novelists, social reformers and feminists emerged from Muslim Bengali society. And municipal water systems were introduced in the 1890s; opened in many towns during the early 20th century. East Bengal's was important to the British Empire, particularly its and. The British established, such as the, and large seaports like the. Social tensions also increased under British rule, particularly between wealthy Hindus and the Muslim-majority population. The Permanent Settlement made millions of Muslim peasants tenants of Hindu estates, and resentment of the Hindu landed gentry grew. Supported by the Muslim aristocracy, the British government created the province of in 1905; the new province received increased investment in education, transport and industry.

However, the created an uproar in and the. In response to growing Hindu nationalism, the was formed in Dhaka during the 1906 All India Muhammadan Educational Conference. The British government reorganized the provinces in 1912, reuniting East and West Bengal and making a second province. The All India Muslim League's Working Committee, in which Bengal was represented by A. Fazlul Huq and Khawaja Nazimuddin The Raj was slow to allow self-rule in the colonial subcontinent.

It established the in 1862, and the council's native Bengali representation increased during the early 20th century. The was formed in 1913 to advocate for Bengali Muslims within a constitutional framework. During the 1920s, the league was divided into factions supporting the and favoring cooperation with the British to achieve self-rule.

Segments of the Bengali elite supported forces. In 1929, the was formed in the Bengal Legislative Council to counter the influence of the Hindu landed gentry, and the and strengthened during the early 20th century. After the and the era in the, the British government promised in 1935. The, British India's largest legislature, was established in 1937. Although it won a majority of seats in 1937, the Bengal Congress boycotted the legislature. Of the was elected as the first. In 1940 Huq supported the, which envisaged independent states in the northwestern and eastern Muslim-majority regions of the subcontinent.

The first Huq ministry, a coalition with the Bengal Provincial Muslim League, lasted until 1941; it was followed by a Huq coalition with the which lasted until 1943. Huq was succeeded by, who grappled with the effects of the, the and the movement. In 1946, the Bengal Provincial Muslim League won the provincial election, taking 113 of the 250-seat assembly (the largest Muslim League mandate in British India)., who made a final futile effort for a in 1946, was the last premier of Bengal. Partition of Bengal. Main article: On 3 June 1947 outlined the.

On 20 June, the Bengal Legislative Assembly met to decide on the partition of Bengal. At the preliminary joint meeting, it was decided (120 votes to 90) that if the province remained united it should join the.

At a separate meeting of legislators from, it was decided (58 votes to 21) that the province should be partitioned and West Bengal should join the. At another meeting of legislators from, it was decided (106 votes to 35) that the province should not be partitioned and (107 votes to 34) that East Bengal should join the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan if Bengal was partitioned. On 6 July, the of Assam voted in a. Was tasked with drawing the borders of Pakistan and India, and the established the borders of present-day Bangladesh.

The was created on 14 August 1947. Union with Pakistan (1947–1971). The in 1947, with its eastern part East Bengal, with Dhaka its capital, was the most populous province of the 1947 (led by, who promised freedom of religion and secular democracy in the new state). East Bengal was also Pakistan's most cosmopolitan province, home to peoples of different faiths, cultures and ethnic groups.

Partition gave increased economic opportunity to East Bengalis, producing an urban population during the 1950s. Was East Bengal's first with its governor. The was formed in 1949 as a centre-left alternative to the centre-right All Pakistan Muslim League. [ ] In 1950, the enacted, abolishing the Permanent Settlement and the system. The 1952 was the first sign of friction between the country's geographically-separated wings. The Awami Muslim League was renamed the more-secular in 1953.

The first constituent assembly was dissolved in 1954; this was challenged by its East Bengali speaker,. The coalition swept aside the Muslim League in a landslide victory in the 1954. The following year, East Bengal was renamed East Pakistan as part of the program and the province became a vital part of the. Female students march in defiance of the prohibition on assembly during the Bengali Language Movement in early 1953. Pakistan adopted its first constitution in 1956. Three Bengalis were its Prime Minister until 1957: Nazimuddin, and Suhrawardy.

None of the three completed their terms, and resigned from office. The imposed, and was the country's strongman for 11 years. Political repression increased after the coup. Khan introduced a new constitution in 1962, replacing Pakistan's parliamentary system with a presidential and gubernatorial system (based on selection) known as Basic Democracy. In 1962 Dhaka became the seat of the, a move seen as appeasing increased Bengali nationalism.

The Pakistani government built the controversial, displacing the from their indigenous homeland in the. During the, lost to Ayub Khan despite support from the Combined Opposition alliance (which included the Awami League). The blocked cross-border transport links with neighboring India in what is described as a second partition.

In 1966, Awami League leader announced a for a federal parliamentary democracy. Meets Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan, the plaintiff in. According to senior officials, Pakistan practiced extensive against East Pakistan: greater government spending on West Pakistan, financial transfers from East to West Pakistan, the use of East Pakistan's foreign-exchange surpluses to finance West Pakistani imports, and refusal by the central government to release funds allocated to East Pakistan because previous spending had been under budget; East Pakistan generated 70 percent of Pakistan's export revenue with its jute and tea. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested for treason in the, and was released during the which resulted in Ayub Khan's resignation. General assumed power, reintroducing martial law. Ethnic and linguistic discrimination was common in Pakistan's civil and military services, in which Bengalis were under-represented. Fifteen percent of Pakistani central-government offices were occupied by East Pakistanis, who formed 10 percent of the military.

Cultural discrimination also prevailed, making East Pakistan forge a distinct political identity. Pakistan banned Bengali literature and music in state media, including the works of Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore. A devastated the coast of East Pakistan in 1970, killing an estimated 500,000 people, and the central government was criticized for its poor response.

After the December 1970 elections, calls for the independence of East Bengal became louder; the Bengali-nationalist Awami League won 167 of 169 East Pakistani seats in the National Assembly. The League claimed the right to form a government and develop a new constitution, but was strongly opposed by the Pakistani military and the (led by ). War of Independence. Main article: The Bengali population was angered when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was prevented from taking office. Erupted across East Pakistan, with calls for independence.

Rahman addressed a in on 7 March 1971. The was raised for the first time on 23 March, Pakistan's. During the night of 25 March, the Pakistani led by launched (a sustained military assault on East Pakistan) and held Rahman in military custody. The, with help from supporting militias, massacred Bengali,, politicians, civil servants and military defectors in the.

Several million refugees fled to neighboring India. Estimates of the number killed during the war range from 300,000 to three million. Global public opinion turned against Pakistan as news of the atrocities spread; the Bangladesh movement was supported by prominent political and cultural figures in the West, including,,,, and. Was held at in New York City to raise funds for Bangladeshi refugees. The first major in history, it was organized by Harrison and Indian Bengali sitarist.

During the Bangladesh Liberation War, Bengali nationalists declared independence and formed the (the Bangladeshi National Liberation Army). The was established on 17 April 1971, converting the 469 elected members of the Pakistani national assembly and East Pakistani provincial assembly into the. The provisional government issued the, which was the country's interim constitution and declared 'equality, human dignity and social justice' as its fundamental principles. Due to Rahman's detention, the acting president was. Was Bangladesh's first prime minister. The military wing of the provisional government was the. Led by General and eleven, the forces held the Bengali countryside during the war and conducted wide-ranging against Pakistani forces.

Neighboring India and its leader, (a longtime nemesis of Pakistan), provided crucial support to the Bangladesh Forces and intervened in support of the provisional government on 3 December 1971. The and the United States dispatched naval forces to the Bay of Bengal in a standoff during the. The nine-month war ended with the to the Bangladesh-India Allied Forces on 16 December 1971. Under international pressure, Pakistan released Rahman from imprisonment on 8 January 1972 and he was flown by the to a million-strong homecoming in Dacca. Indian troops were withdrawn by 12 March 1972, three months after the war ended.

The cause of Bangladeshi self-determination was recognized around the world. By the time of its admission to UN membership in August 1972, the new state was recognized by 86 countries. Pakistan recognized Bangladesh in 1974 after pressure from most of the. Bangladesh First parliamentary era. Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and U.S. President in 1974 The constituent assembly adopted Bangladesh's constitution on 4 November 1972, establishing a secular, multiparty parliamentary democracy. The new constitution included references to, and Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman major industries in 1972.

A major reconstruction and rehabilitation program was launched. The Awami League won the country's first general election in 1973, securing a large majority in the. Bangladesh joined the, the UN, the and the, and Rahman strengthened ties with India. Amid growing agitation by the opposition and, he became increasingly authoritarian. Rahman amended the constitution, giving himself more emergency powers (including the suspension of fundamental rights).

The also worsened the political situation. Presidential era and coups (1975–1991). President Ziaur Rahman and First Lady Khaleda Zia with the Dutch royal family in 1979 In January 1975, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman introduced under. Rahman banned all newspapers except four state-owned publications, and amended the constitution to increase his power.

He was during a coup on 15 August 1975. Was declared, and the presidency passed to the for four months. Ahmad is widely regarded as a by Bangladeshis. Tajuddin Ahmad, the nation's first prime minister, and four other independence leaders were assassinated on 4 November 1975. Chief Justice was installed as president by the military on 6 November 1975. Bangladesh was governed by a led by the for three years.

In 1977, Army chief became president. Rahman reinstated politics, industries and newspapers, established and held the country's second general election in 1979. A system evolved, with the (BNP) governing until 1982. Rahman was assassinated in 1981, and was succeeded. Sattar received 65.5 percent of the vote in the. After a year in office, Sattar was overthrown in the. Chief Justice was installed as president, but army chief became the country's de facto leader and assumed the presidency in 1983.

Ershad lifted martial law in 1986. He governed with four successive prime ministers (,, and ) and a parliament dominated by his. General elections were held in 1986 and 1988, although the latter was boycotted by the opposition BNP and Awami League. Ershad pursued administrative decentralization, dividing the country into 64 districts, and pushed Parliament to make Islam the state religion in 1988.

A forced him to resign, and Chief Justice led the country's first caretaker government as part of the transition to parliamentary rule. Current parliamentary era (1991–present). The, completed in 1982, is one of the world's largest legislative complexes. After the 1991 general election, the twelfth amendment to the constitution restored the parliamentary republic and became Bangladesh's first female prime minister. Zia, a former first lady, led a BNP government from 1990 to 1996. In 1991 her finance minister,, began a major program to liberalize the Bangladeshi economy.

After an Awami League initiative, the BNP introduced a system of to oversee the transfer of power. Justice was the first, and oversaw the 1996 election.

The Awami League, led by, won the seventh general election. Hasina's first term was highlighted by the and a water-sharing treaty with India. The second caretaker government, led by Chief Adviser Justice, oversaw the eighth general election in 2001 which returned Begum Zia and the BNP to power.

The second Zia ministry saw improved economic growth, but political turmoil gripped the country between 2004 and 2006. A radical Islamist militant group, the, carried out a series of bombings. Amid widespread political unrest the Bangladeshi military urged President to impose a and a caretaker government, led by technocrat, was installed. Emergency rule lasted for two years, until the ninth general election in 2008 which returned Sheikh Hasina and the Awami League to power.

In 2010, the ruled martial law illegal and affirmed principles in the constitution. The following year, the Awami League abolished the caretaker-government system. The 2014 general election was boycotted by the BNP, giving the Awami League a decisive victory. Bangladesh is divided into eight administrative divisions, each named after their respective divisional headquarters:, Chittagong,,,, Rajshahi, Rangpur, and Sylhet. Divisions are subdivided into districts ( zila). There are 64 districts in Bangladesh, each further subdivided into upazila (subdistricts) or thana. The area within each police station, except for those in metropolitan areas, is divided into several, with each union consisting of multiple villages.

In the metropolitan areas, police stations are divided into wards, which are further divided into mahallas. There are no elected officials at the divisional or district levels, and the administration is composed only of government officials. Direct elections are held in each union (or ward) for a chairperson and a number of members. In 1997, a parliamentary act was passed to reserve three seats (out of 12) in every union for female candidates.

Administrative Divisions of Bangladesh Established Area (km 2) Population Barisal 1 January 1993 13,297 8,325,666 626 Chittagong 1829 33,771 28,423,019 841 Dhaka 1829 20,593 36,054,418 1,751 Khulna 1 October 1960 22,272 15,687,759 704 Mymensingh 14 September 2015 10,584 11,370,000 1,074 Rajshahi 1829 18,197 18,484,858 1,015 Rangpur 25 January 2010 16,317 15,787,758 960 Sylhet 1 August 1995 12,596 9,910,219 780 Climate. Is causing increasing in Bangladesh, threatening an estimated 20 million people Straddling the, Bangladesh's climate is tropical with a mild winter from October to March, and a hot, humid summer from March to June. The country has never recorded an air temperature below 0 °C (32 °F), with a record low of 1.1 °C (34.0 °F) in the north west city of on 3 February 1905.

A warm and humid monsoon season lasts from June to October and supplies most of the country's rainfall. Natural calamities, such as,,, and occur almost every year, combined with the effects of, and.

The of 1970 and 1991 were particularly devastating, the killing some 140,000 people. In September 1998, Bangladesh saw in modern world history. As the Brahmaputra, the Ganges and spilt over and swallowed 300,000 houses, 9,700 km (6,000 mi) of road and 2,700 km (1,700 mi) of embankment, 1,000 people were killed and 30 million more made homeless, 135,000 cattle killed, 50 km 2 (19 sq mi) of land destroyed and 11,000 km (6,800 mi) of roads damaged or destroyed. Effectively, two-thirds of the country was underwater. The severity of the flooding was attributed to unusually high rains, the shedding off of equally unusually large amounts of melt water from the, and the widespread cutting down of trees (that would have intercepted rain water) for firewood or animal husbandry.

Bangladesh is now widely recognised to be one of the countries most vulnerable to. Natural hazards that come from increased rainfall, rising sea levels, and tropical cyclones are expected to increase as climate changes, each seriously affecting agriculture, water and food security, human health and shelter. It is believed that in the coming decades the rising sea level alone will create more than 20 million. Bangladesh is prone to, tornadoes and. Also, there is evidence that earthquakes pose a threat to the country, and that tectonics have caused rivers to shift course suddenly and dramatically. It has also been shown that rainy-season flooding in Bangladesh, on the world's largest river delta, can push the underlying crust down by as much as 6 centimetres, and possibly perturb faults.

Bangladeshi water is frequently contaminated with because of the high arsenic content of the soil—up to 77 million people are from drinking water. The scientists have come to agree that by 2050, rising sea levels will inundate some 20 percent of the land and displace more than 50 million people. In the Bangladesh ratified the Rio on 3 May 1994.

As of 2014, the country was set to revise its. Bangladesh is located in the. Its ecology includes a long sea coastline, numerous, lakes,, evergreen forests, semi evergreen forests, hill forests, moist, freshwater swamp forests and flat land with tall grass.

The Bangladesh Plain is famous for its fertile soil which supports extensive cultivation. The country is dominated by lush vegetation, with villages often buried in groves of,,,, and. The country has up to 6000 species of plant life, including 5000 flowering plants.

Water bodies and wetland systems provide a habitat for many aquatic plants. And grow vividly during the monsoon season. The country has. Bangladesh is home to much of the, the world's largest, covering an area of 6,000 km 2 in the southwest littoral region. It is divided into three protected sanctuaries–the, and zones.

The forest is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The northeastern Sylhet region is home to haor wetlands, which is a unique ecosystem. It also includes, a and mixed deciduous forests. The southeastern covers evergreen and semi evergreen hilly jungles. Central Bangladesh includes the plainland Sal forest running along the districts of Gazipur, and.

Is the only in the country. Bangladesh has an abundance of in its forests, marshes, woodlands and hills.

The vast majority of animals dwell within a habitat of 150,000 km 2. The,,, and are among the chief predators in the Sundarbans. Northern and eastern Bangladesh is home to the,, and. The deer are widely seen in southwestern woodlands. Other animals include the,,,,,,,,, and. Bangladesh has one of the largest population of and. A 2009 census found 6,000 Irrawaddy dolphins inhabiting the littoral rivers of Bangladesh.

The country has numerous species of (53), reptiles (139), (19) and (5). Several animals became extinct in Bangladesh during the last century, including the one horned and two horned and common. The human population is concentrated in urban areas, hence limiting deforestation to a certain extent. Rapid urban growth has threatened natural habitats.

Though many areas are protected under law, a large portion of Bangladeshi wildlife is threatened by this growth. The was enacted in 1995. The government has designated several regions as, including wetlands, forests and rivers. The and the Bangladesh Bear Project are among the key initiatives to strengthen conservation.

Bangabhaban, the residence of the president of Bangladesh The established a, -style with. A supported by a parliamentary majority (usually the chair of the largest party) is the, the and of the. Bangladesh is governed by a 350-member parliament, known as the. Three hundred of its members are elected on a basis, and 50 seats are reserved for female nominees by political parties. Although parliamentary are scheduled every five years, they have often been delayed by political crises, emergency rule.

From 1975 to 1990 the presidency had executive powers, but it has been reduced to a largely-ceremonial role by the to the constitution. In 2011, the mandated the 'highest punishment' for. The amendment was controversial for abolishing the, which had been a neutral administration during election periods since the 1990s. The was boycotted by the largest opposition party, which argued that a free election could not be held without a neutral interim government. The Jatiyo Sangshad is restrained from holding motions, and. Violations have increased due to the growing power of security forces—particularly the, which is accused of arbitrary arrests, summary executions and.

Legal system. Supreme Court of Bangladesh Bangladesh's legal system is based on, and its principal source of laws are. The includes a list of all laws in force in the country. The code begins in 1836, and most of its listed laws were crafted under the by the, the, the, the and the; one example is the. From 1947 to 1971, laws were enacted by Pakistan's and the. The was the country's provisional parliament until 1973, when the first elected Jatiyo Sangshad was sworn in.

Although most of Bangladesh's laws were compiled in, after a 1987 government directive laws are now primarily written in. Marriage, divorce and inheritance are governed by, and Christian. The judiciary is often influenced by legal developments in the, such as the. The, including its and Appellate Divisions, is the high court of the land. The head of the judiciary is the, who sits on the Supreme Court.

The courts have wide latitude in, and judicial is supported by the Article 111 of the constitution. The includes district and metropolitan courts, which are divided into civil and criminal courts. Due to a shortage of judges, the judiciary has a large backlog.

The is an independent body responsible for judicial appointments, salaries and discipline. Map of deployments The Bangladesh Armed Forces have inherited the institutional framework of the and the. It was formed in 1971 from the military regiments of East Pakistan. In 2012 the strength was around 300,000, including reservists, the Air Force (22,000) and the Navy (24,000). In addition to traditional defence roles, the military has supported civil authorities in disaster relief and provided internal security during periods of political unrest.

For many years, Bangladesh has been the world's largest contributor to. In February 2015, the country made major deployments to,,, the, the,,, and. The has the third-largest fleet (after India and Thailand) of, including,, and aircraft. The is equipped with several Russian multi-role fighter jets. Bangladesh cooperates defensively with the, participating in the (CARAT) exercises. Ties between the Bangladeshi and the have increased, with high-level visits by the military chiefs of both countries. Eighty percent of Bangladesh's military equipment comes from China.

Foreign relations. First South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) meeting in 1985 in Dhaka ( l-r, top row: the presidents of and the, the king of, the president of Bangladesh, the prime minister of, the king of and the president of ). Bangladesh helped found SAARC.

The first major intergovernmental organization joined by Bangladesh was the in 1972. The country joined the in 1974, and has been elected twice to the. Ambassador was elected president of the in 1986.

Bangladesh relies on diplomacy in the. It is a major contributor to, providing 113,000 personnel to 54 UN missions in the Middle East, the Balkans, Africa and the Caribbean in 2014. In addition to membership in the Commonwealth and the United Nations, Bangladesh pioneered regional cooperation in. Bangladesh is a founding member of the (SAARC), an organization designed to strengthen relations and promote economic and cultural growth among its members. It has hosted several summits, and two Bangladeshi diplomats were the organization's secretary-general. Bangladesh joined the (OIC) in 1973.

It has hosted the summit of OIC foreign ministers, which addresses issues, conflicts and disputes affecting. Bangladesh is a founding member of the, a bloc of eight Muslim-majority republics. Is Bangladesh's largest economic-aid provider, and the countries have common political goals. The has longstanding with Bangladesh. The is a major, including its largest export market and foreign investor. Seventy-six percent of viewed the United States favorably in 2014, one of the highest ratings among countries. The is Bangladesh's largest regional market, conducting and providing development assistance.

Relations with other countries are generally positive. Shared democratic values ease relations with Western countries, and similar economic concerns forge ties to other. Despite poor working conditions and war affecting overseas, relations with countries are friendly and bounded by religion and culture; more than a million Bangladeshis are employed in the region. In 2016, the called Bangladesh 'one of the most important Muslim countries'.

And in Moscow, 2013 Bangladesh's most politically-important bilateral relationship is with neighboring. In 2015, major Indian newspapers called Bangladesh a 'trusted friend'. Bangladesh and India are South Asia's largest trading partners. The countries are forging regional economic and infrastructure projects, such as a regional motor-vehicle agreement in and a coastal shipping agreement in the. Have a shared cultural heritage and democratic values and a history of support for. Despite political goodwill, and the lack of a comprehensive water-sharing agreement for 54 trans-boundary rivers are major issues. In 2017, India joined Russia and China in refusing to condemn Myanmar's atrocities against the, which contradicted with Bangladesh's demand for recognizing Rohingya human rights.

However, the Indian air force delivered aid shipments for Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. The rise of and in India has also affected Bangladesh. The Bangladeshi and industries have seen increased prices due to the Indian government's Hindu nationalist campaign against the export of beef and cattle skin. Date to the 1950s and are relatively warm, despite the Chinese leadership siding with Pakistan during Bangladesh's war of independence.

China and Bangladesh established bilateral relations in 1976 which have significantly strengthened, and the country is considered a cost-effective source of arms for the Bangladeshi military. Since the 1980s 80 percent of Bangladesh's military equipment has been supplied by China (often with generous credit terms), and China is Bangladesh's largest trading partner. Both countries are part of the. And in Dhaka, 2016 The neighbouring country of was one of first countries to recognize Bangladesh. Despite common regional interests, Bangladesh-Myanmar relations have been strained by the refugee issue and the isolationist policies of the Myanmar military.

In 2012, the countries came to terms at the over maritime disputes in the Bay of Bengal. In 2016 and 2017, relations with Myanmar again strained as over 400,000 entered Bangladesh after atrocities. The parliament, government and civil society of Bangladesh have been at the forefront of against Myanmar for military operations against the Rohingya, which the has described as. Pakistan and Bangladesh have a US$550 million trade relationship, particularly in Pakistani imports for the Bangladeshi textile industry. Although Bangladeshi and Pakistani businesses have invested in each other, diplomatic relations are strained because of Pakistani denial of the. Bangladeshi aid agencies work in many developing countries.

An example is in, which benefits 12 million people in that country. Bangladesh has a record of as a party to the (NPT) and the (CTBT).

It is a state party to the. Bangladeshi foreign policy is influenced by the principle of 'friendship to all and malice to none', first articulated by Bengali statesman in 1957. Suhrawardy led East and West Pakistan to join the, and the.

Human rights. Bangladeshi law-enforcement agencies, including the Rapid Action Battalion (pictured), have been accused of human-rights abuses.

According to National Human Rights Commission chairman Mizanur Rahman, 70% of alleged human-rights violations are committed by law-enforcement agencies. Targets have included winner and the, and independent and pro-opposition newspapers and television networks. The United Nations is concerned about government 'measures that restrict freedom of expression and democratic space'. Bangladeshi security forces, particularly the (RAB), have received international condemnation for human-rights abuses (including, and ). Over 1,000 people have been said to have been victims of extrajudicial killings by RAB since its inception under the last government. The RAB has been called a 'death squad' by and, which have called for the force to be disbanded.

The British and American governments have been criticized for funding and engaging the force in counter-terrorism operations. The Bangladeshi government has not fully implemented the. The Hill Tracts region remains heavily, despite a peace treaty with forged by the. Is protected by the, and religious parties are barred from contesting elections; however, the government is accused of courting religious extremist groups.

Islam's ambiguous position as the de facto has been criticized by the United Nations. Despite relative harmony, religious minorities have faced occasional persecution. The Hindu and communities have experienced from Islamic groups, notably the and its student wing (). Islamic far-right candidates peaked at 12 percent of the vote in 2001, falling to four percent in 2008.

Is outlawed by section 377 of the criminal code, and is punishable by a maximum of life imprisonment. Dhaka, the commercial and financial hub of the country, is the largest economic centre in.

Bangladesh, a with a market-based, is one of the. Its per-capita income was 1,190 in 2014, with a of $209 billion. Bangladesh has the third-largest South Asian economy (after India and Pakistan) and the second-highest (after India).

The contributed $15.31 billion in in 2015. During its first five years of independence Bangladesh adopted socialist policies, an Awami League blunder. [ ] The subsequent military regime and BNP and Jatiya Party governments restored free markets and promoted the country's private sector. In 1991, finance minister introduced a programme of. The Bangladeshi private sector has rapidly expanded, with a number of driving the economy.

Major industries include textiles,, shipbuilding, steel, electronics, energy, construction materials, chemicals, ceramics, food processing and leather goods. Has increased, with 2014–15 exports increasing by 3.3% over the previous year to $30 billion, although Bangladesh's trade deficit ballooned by over 45% in this same time period. Most export earnings are from the. Bangladesh also has, including the Nobel Peace Prize-winning and (the world's largest ).

However, an insufficient power supply is a significant obstacle to Bangladesh's economic development. According to the, poor governance, corruption and weak public institutions are also major challenges. In April 2010, gave Bangladesh a BB- long-term, below India's but above those of Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

The country is notable for its land, including the, and the. Agriculture is the largest sector of the economy, making up 18.6 percent of Bangladesh's GDP in November 2010 and employing about 45 percent of the workforce. The agricultural sector impacts employment generation, poverty alleviation, development and.

More Bangladeshis earn their living from agriculture than from any other sector. The country is among the top producers of (fourth), (seventh), (sixth), jute (second), and farmed fish (fifth). Bangladesh is the seventh-largest in Asia, ahead of neighboring Myanmar, and 56 percent of the country's electricity is generated by natural gas. Major gas fields are located in the northeastern (particularly Sylhet) and southern (including Barisal and Chittagong) regions.

Is the national energy company. The American multinational corporation produces 50 percent of Bangladesh's natural gas.

According to geologists, the Bay of Bengal contains large, untapped gas reserves in Bangladesh's. Bangladesh has substantial coal reserves, with several coal mines operating in the northwest. Shirt production line in a Bangladeshi factory. Bangladesh is the world's second-largest textile exporter, after China. Jute exports remain significant, although the global jute trade has shrunk considerably since its World War II peak. Bangladesh has one of the world's oldest tea industries, and is a major exporter of fish and seafood. Bangladesh's textile and industries are the country's largest manufacturing sector, with 2014 exports of $25 billion.

Leather-goods manufacturing, particularly footwear, is the second-largest export sector. The meets 97 percent of domestic demand, and exports to many countries. Has grown rapidly, with exports to Europe. Is concentrated in the port city of Chittagong, and the is prominent in international trade. In 2005 Bangladesh was the world's 20th-largest producer, an industry dependent on imports from. Is a major sector, with local brands such as increasing their international market share.

The is growing rapidly, particularly the. Bangladesh's defense industry includes the and the.

's Bangladesh headquarters in Dhaka The service sector accounts for 51 percent of the country's GDP. Bangladesh ranks with Pakistan as South Asia's second-largest banking sector. The and are the country's twin financial markets.

Bangladesh's is one of the world's fastest-growing, with 114 million cellphone subscribers in December 2013, and,, and are major companies. Is developing, with the beach resort of the center of the industry. The Sylhet region, home to Bangladesh's tea country, also hosts a large number of visitors.

The country has (, and the ) and five sites. Was pioneered in Bangladesh. In 2015, the country had over 35 million borrowers. Main article: Transport is a major sector of the economy. Aviation has grown rapidly, and includes the and other.

Bangladesh has a: three international and several domestic and (short takeoff and landing) airports. The busiest, connects Dhaka with major destinations.

Bangladesh has a 2,706-kilometre (1,681-mile) rail network operated by state-owned. The total length of the country's is nearly 21,000-kilometre (13,000-mile). It has one of the largest inland networks in the world, with 8,046 kilometres (5,000 miles) of navigable waters. The southeastern port of Chittagong is its busiest seaport, handling over $60 billion in annual trade (more than 80 percent of the country's export-import commerce).

The second-busiest seaport is. Bangladesh has three and 22. Top maritime and inland ports Chittagong Dhaka Rank Port Type traffic Mongla Aricha 1 Seaport 2.3 million 2 River port 116,000 3 Seaport 70,000 4 River port 5 River port 6 River port 7 Seaport 8 River port 9 River port. See also: An estimated 98 percent of the country's population had access to in 2004 (a high percentage for a low-income country), achieved largely through the construction of with support from external donors. However, in 1993 it was discovered that much of Bangladesh's groundwater (the source of drinking water for 97 percent of the rural population and a significant share of the urban population) is naturally contaminated with arsenic. Another challenge is low cost recovery due to low tariffs and poor, especially in urban areas (where water revenue does not cover operating costs). An estimated 56 percent of the population had access to adequate sanitation facilities in 2010., addressing the problem of in rural areas, is credited with improving public health since its introduction in 2000.

Science and technology. Main articles: and Population (millions) Year Pop. 1971 67.8 — 1980 80.6 +1.94% 1990 105.3 +2.71% 2000 129.6 +2.10% 2010 148.7 +1.38% 2012 161.1 +4.09% Source: OECD/World Bank Estimates of the Bangladeshi population vary, but 2016 UN data suggests 163 million. The 2011 census estimated 142.3 million, much less than 2007–2010 estimates of Bangladesh's population (150– 170 million). Bangladesh is the world's nation. In 1951, its population was 44 million. Bangladesh is the most densely-populated large country in the world, ranking 11th in population density when small countries and city-states are included.

The country's population-growth rate was among the highest in the world in the 1960s and 1970s, when its population grew from 65 to 110 million. With the promotion of in the 1980s, Bangladesh's growth rate began to slow. Its is now 2.55, lower than India's (2.58) and Pakistan's (3.07). The population is relatively young, with 34 percent aged 15 or younger and five percent 65 or older. Life expectancy at birth was estimated at 70 years in 2012. Despite the rapid economic growth, 43% of the country still lives below the on less than $1.25 per day. Bangladeshi laureate with the former presidents of are 98 percent of the population.

Of Bengalis, are the majority, followed by, and. The population includes the,,,,, Khiang, Khumi,,,,,,,,,,, and tribes.

The Chittagong Hill Tracts region experienced unrest and an from 1975 to 1997 in an autonomy movement by its indigenous people. Although a peace accord was signed in 1997, the region remains militarized. Bangladesh is home to a significant community. It hosts many -speaking immigrants, who migrated there after the partition of India. Were given citizenship by the Supreme Court in 2008. An estimated over 670,000 refugees from live in in in the southeast. The region has received influxes of Rohingya refugees during Burmese military crackdowns in 1978, 1991, 2012 and 2016.

Urban centres. Largest cities or towns in Bangladesh 2011 calculation Rank Pop. 1 8,906,039 11 307,053 2 2,592,439 12 286,330 3 664,728 13 256,760 4 531,663 14 237,478 5 451,425 15 223,522 6 407,901 16 213,061 7 406,420 17 193,814 8 400,983 18 191,329 9 389,918 19 185,128 10 339,308 20 180,731 Dhaka is Bangladesh's capital and largest city. Cities with a and mayoral elections include Dhaka South, Dhaka North, Chittagong,,, Rajshahi,,, and.

Other major cities elect a chairperson; they include Mymensingh,,,,,, and. Mayors and chairs are elected for five-year terms. Main article: More than 98 percent of Bangladeshi Bengalis speak Bangla as their native language. Regional languages or are also spoken, which include, and., stranded since 1971 and living in Bangladeshi camps, speak. Rohingya refugees from Myanmar, living in Bangladeshi camps since 1978, speak. Several are also spoken.

Bangla is the official language, but English is sometimes used secondarily for official purposes (especially in the legal system). Although laws were historically written in English, they were not translated into Bangla until 1987. Bangladesh's constitution and laws now exist in English and Bangla.

English is used as a second language by the middle and upper classes, and is widely used in higher education. 0.2% is Bangladesh's largest religion, followed by 90 percent of the population. The country is home to most, the second-largest ethnic group in the Muslim world.

Most Bangladeshi Muslims are, followed by and. About four percent are. Bangladesh has the fourth-largest Muslim population in the world, and is the third-largest Muslim-majority country (after Indonesia and Pakistan). Has a lengthy heritage in the region. The largest gathering of Muslims in Bangladesh is the, held annually by the. The Ijtema is the second-largest Muslim congregation in the world, after the.

Chawkbazar Shahi Mosque, founded in Dhaksa in 1676 is followed by 9.5 percent of the population; most are, and some are members of. Bangladeshi Hindus are the country's second-largest religious group and the third-largest Hindu community in the world, after those in India and Nepal. Hindus in Bangladesh are fairly evenly distributed, with concentrations in,, Sylhet,, Mymensingh, Khulna, Jessore, Chittagong and parts of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Despite their dwindling numbers, Hindus are the second-largest religious community (after the Muslims) in Dhaka. Is the third-largest religion, at 0.3 percent. Bangladeshi Buddhists are concentrated among ethnic groups in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (particularly the Chakma, Marma and Tanchangya peoples), and coastal Chittagong is home to a large number of.

Christianity is the fourth-largest religion, at 0.2 percent. The Constitution of Bangladesh declares Islam the state religion, but bans religion-based politics. It proclaims equal recognition of Hindus, Buddhists, Christians and people of all faiths. In 1972, Bangladesh was South Asia's first constitutionally-secular country. The describes Bangladesh as a, pluralistic. Main article: Bangladesh has a low, which was estimated at 66.5 percent for males and 63.1 percent for females in 2014.

The country's educational system is three-tiered and heavily subsidized, with the government operating many schools at the primary, secondary and higher-secondary levels and subsidizing many private schools. In the tertiary-education sector, the Bangladeshi government funds over 15 state universities through the. The education system is divided into five levels: primary (first to fifth grade), junior secondary (sixth to eighth grade), secondary (ninth and tenth grade), higher secondary (11th and 12th grade) and tertiary. Five years of secondary education end with a (SSC) examination; since 2009, the Primary Education Closing (PEC) examination has also been given.

Students who pass the PEC examination proceed to four years of secondary or matriculation training, culminating in the SSC examination. Bangladeshi schoolchildren performing onstage Students who pass the PEC examination proceed to three years of junior-secondary education, culminating in the (JSC) examination. Students who pass this examination proceed to two years of secondary education, culminating in the SSC examination. Students who pass this examination proceed to two years of higher-secondary education, culminating in the (HSC) examination. Education is primarily in Bengali, but English is commonly taught and used. Many Muslim families send their children to part-time courses or full-time religious education in Bengali and in madrasas. Bangladesh conforms with the (EFA) objectives, the (MDG) and international declarations.

Article 17 of the provides that all children between the ages of six and ten years receive a basic education free of charge. Are of three general types: public (government-owned and -subsidized), private (privately owned universities) and international (operated and funded by international organizations). Bangladesh has 34 public, 64 private and two international; has the largest enrollment, and the (established in 1921) is the oldest., commonly known as IUT, is a subsidiary of the Organisation of the Islamic Cooperation (OIC, representing 57 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and South America). In Chittagong is the preeminent South Asian liberal-arts university for women, representing 14 Asian countries; its faculty hails from notable academic institutions in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia and the Middle East.,, and are Bangladesh's four public engineering universities. And are two specialized engineering universities; BUTex specializes in textile engineering, and DUET offers higher education to diploma engineers. The is a specialized public-private partnership institute which provides higher education in.

Science and technology universities include,, and. Bangladeshi universities are accredited by and affiliated with the (UGC), created by Presidential Order 10 in 1973. Medical education is provided by 29 government and private. All medical colleges are affiliated with the. Bangladesh's 2015 literacy rate rose to 71 percent due to education modernization and improved funding, with 16,087 schools and 2,363 colleges receiving Monthly Pay Order (MPO) facilities.

According to education minister, 27,558 madrasas and technical and vocational institutions were enlisted for the facility. 6,036 educational institutions were outside MPO coverage, and the government enlisted 1,624 private schools for MPO in 2010. Main article: Health and education levels remain relatively low, although they have improved as poverty levels have decreased. In rural areas, village doctors with little or no formal training constitute 62 percent of healthcare providers practising 'modern medicine'; formally-trained providers make up four percent of the total health workforce. A Future Health Systems survey indicated significant deficiencies in the treatment practices of village doctors, with widespread harmful and inappropriate drug prescribing. Receiving health care from informal providers is encouraged. A 2007 study of 1,000 households in rural Bangladesh found that direct payments to formal and informal healthcare providers and indirect costs (loss of earnings because of illness) associated with illness were deterrents to accessing healthcare from qualified providers.

A community survey of 6,183 individuals in rural Bangladesh found a gender difference in treatment-seeking behaviour, with women less likely to seek treatment than to men. The use of skilled birth attendant (SBA) services, however, rose from 2005 to 2007 among women from all socioeconomic except the highest. A health watch, a pilot community-empowerment tool, was successfully developed and implemented in south-eastern Bangladesh to improve the uptake and monitoring of public-health services.

Bangladesh's poor health conditions are attributed to the lack of healthcare provision by the government. According to a 2010 World Bank report, 2009 healthcare spending was 3.35 percent of the country's GDP. The number of hospital beds is 3 per 10,000 population. Government spending on healthcare that year was 7.9 percent of the total budget; out-of-pocket expenditures totaled 96.5 percent. Has been a persistent problem in Bangladesh, with the World Bank ranking the country first in the number of malnourished children worldwide. Twenty-six percent of the population (two-thirds of children under the age of five) are undernourished, and 46 percent of children are moderately or severely underweight.

Forty-three to 60 percent of children under five are smaller than normal; one in five preschool children are vitamin-A deficient, and one in two are anemic. More than 45 percent of rural families and 76 percent of urban families were below the acceptable caloric-intake level. A sculpture at the Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka The recorded history of art in Bangladesh can be traced to the 3rd century BCE, when sculptures were made in the region. In classical antiquity, a notable school of sculptural Hindu, Jain and Buddhist art developed in the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty.

Islamic art evolved since the 14th century. The architecture of the Bengal Sultanate saw a distinct style of domed mosques with complex niche pillars that had no minarets.

's most celebrated artistic tradition was the weaving of on fine muslin, which is now classified by UNESCO as an. Jamdani motifs were similar to Iranian textile art (buta motifs) and Western textile art (). The Jamdani weavers in Dhaka received imperial patronage. And were also widely used in Mughal art. Is widely used in Bengali culture. The movement in Bangladesh took shape during the 1950s, particularly with the pioneering works of.

East Bengal developed its own modernist painting and sculpture traditions, which were distinct from the art movements in West Bengal. The has been an important center for visual art in the region. Its annual was enlisted as an intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO in 2016.

Modern Bangladesh has produced many of South Asia's leading painters, including,,,,,,,,, and, among others. And were the country's pioneers of modernist sculpture. The is the largest photography festival in Asia. The The oldest evidence of writing in Bangladesh is the Mahasthan Inscription, which dates back to the 3rd century BCE. In the Gupta Empire, Sanskrit literature thrived in the region. Bengali developed from and in the 11th century.

Bengali literature is a millennium-old tradition; the are the earliest examples of Bengali poetry. Sufi spiritualism inspired many writers. During the Bengal Sultanate, medieval Bengali writers were influenced by and. Was a noted secular poet and translator. The are an example of the that developed during the Middle Ages. The Bengal Renaissance shaped the emergence of modern Bengali literature, including novels, short stories and. Rabindranath Tagore was the first non-European laureate of the and is described as the Bengali Shakespeare.

Kazi Nazrul Islam was a revolutionary poet who espoused spiritual rebellion against colonialism and fascism. Begum Rokeya was a pioneer of, with her early of work of.

Other renaissance icons included Michael Madhusudan Dutt and. The writer is noted for his cosmopolitan Bengali worldview. Was a popular writer of modern Bangladeshi and science fiction. Was the poet laureate of Bangladesh for many years. Was a renowned pastoral poet.,, and are important figures of modern Bangladeshi poetry. Notable writers of Bangladeshi novels include Mir Mosharraf Hossain,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, and. Many Bangladeshi writers, such as, and are acclaimed for their short stories.

The annual and, organized by the, are among the largest literary festivals in South Asia. Women in Bangladesh.

The first female Secretary General of Although, as of 2015, several women occupied major political office in Bangladesh, its women continue to live under a patriarchal social regime where violence is common. Whereas in India and Pakistan women participate less in the workforce as their education increases, the reverse is the case in Bangladesh. Bengal has a long history of dating back to the 19th century.

And played an important role in emancipating Bengali Muslim women from, prior to the country's division, as well as promoting girls' education. Several women were elected to the Bengal Legislative Assembly in the British Raj. The first women's magazine,, was published in 1948. In 2008, Bangladeshi female workforce participation stood at 26%. Women dominate jobs in the Bangladeshi garment industry. Agriculture, social services, healthcare and education are also major occupations for Bangladeshi women, while their employment in positions has steadily increased.

The courtyard of a colonial era townhouse in The architectural traditions of Bangladesh have a 2,500-year-old heritage. Terracotta architecture is a distinct feature of Bengal.

Pre-Islamic Bengali architecture reached its pinnacle in the Pala Empire, when the Pala School of Sculptural Art established grand structures such as the Somapura Mahavihara. Began developing under the Bengal Sultanate, when local terracotta styles influenced medieval mosque construction. The Adina Mosque of united Bengal was the largest mosque built on the Indian subcontinent. The was the largest medieval mosque built in Bangladesh, and is a fine example of Turkic-Bengali architecture. The replaced indigenous architecture when Bengal became a province of the Mughal Empire and influenced the development of urban housing. The and are excellent examples of late medieval., based on Indo-Islamic styles, flourished during the British period. The zamindar gentry in Bangladesh built numerous Indo-Saracenic palaces and country mansions, such as the,,, and.

Bengali is noted for pioneering the. Bangladeshi villages consist of roofed houses made of natural materials like,, wood and bamboo. In modern times, village bungalows are increasingly made of. Was the pioneer of Bangladeshi modern architecture. His varied works set the course of modern architectural practice in the country. Islam brought leading global architects, including,,,, and, to work in erstwhile East Pakistan.

Louis Kahn was chosen to design the National Parliament Complex in. Kahn's monumental designs, combining regional red brick aesthetics, his own concrete and marble and the use of lakes to represent Bengali geography, are regarded as one of the masterpieces of the 20th century. In more recent times, award-winning architects like have set the course of contemporary architecture by adopting influences from the works of Islam and Kahn. Performing arts. A leading playback singer of South Asia since the 1960s, is based in Bangladesh includes various forms with a history dating back to the 4th century CE. It includes narrative forms, song and dance forms, supra-personae forms, performances with scroll paintings, puppet theatre and processional forms.

The is the most popular form of Bengali folk theatre. The dance traditions of Bangladesh include indigenous tribal and Bengali dance forms, as well as, including the, and. The features the Baul mystical tradition, listed by UNESCO as a.

Numerous lyric-based musical traditions, varying from one region to the next, exist, including, and. Folk music is accompanied by a one-stringed instrument known as the. Other instruments include the,, flute, and.

Bengali classical music includes and. Bangladesh has a rich tradition of, which uses instruments like the, tabla, and. Martial arts evolved in villages where zamindars employed large private armies to protect their landholdings. The and are two major forms of Bengali martial arts. Country boats. 19th century The is a centuries-old tradition for, said to be indigenous to eastern Bengal (i.e.

The sari is the national dress for Bangladeshi women. Mughal Dhaka was renowned for producing the finest muslin saris, including the famed and Jamdani, the weaving of which is listed by UNESCO as one of the masterpieces of humanity's intangible cultural heritage. Bangladesh also produces the. The is also widely worn by Bangladeshi women.

In urban areas some women can be seen in western clothing. The and are the national dress of Bangladeshi men; the and are worn by them in informal settings. Aside from ethnic wear, domestically and are customarily worn by the country's men in offices, in schools and at social events. The handloom industry supplies 60–65% of the country's clothing demand.

The Bengali ethnic has flourished in the changing environment of the fashion world. The retailer is one of the most successful ethnic wear brands in South Asia. The development of the Bangladesh textile industry, which supplies leading international brands, has promoted the production and retail of modern Western attire locally, with the country now having a number of expanding local brands like Westecs and Yellow. Bangladesh is the world's second largest garments exporter. Among Bangladesh's fashion designers, has received international acclaim for her 'Fashion for Development' shows.

The annual parade, the Bengali new year, is the major festival of and sees widespread festivities. Of the major holidays celebrated in Bangladesh, only Pohela Boishakh comes without any preexisting expectations (specific religious identity, culture of gift-giving, etc.). Unlike holidays like, where dressing up in lavish clothes has become a norm, or where exchanging gifts has become an integral part of the holiday, Pohela Boishakh is really about celebrating the simpler, rural roots of the Bengal. As a result, more people can participate in the festivities together without the burden of having to reveal one's class, religion, or financial capacity. Other cultural festivals include, and Poush Parbon both of which are Bengali harvest festivals.

The Muslim festivals of Eid al-Fitr,,,,,; the Hindu festivals of, and; the Buddhist festival of, which marks the birth of, and Christian festival of Christmas are in Bangladesh and see the most widespread celebrations in the country. Alongside are national days like the remembrance of 21 February 1952 (), and. On Language Movement Day, people congregate at the in Dhaka to remember the national heroes of the Bengali Language Movement, and at the on Independence Day and Victory Day to remember the national heroes of the Bangladesh Liberation War.

These occasions are observed with public ceremonies, parades, rallies by citizens, political speeches, fairs, concerts, and various other public and private events, celebrating the history and traditions of Bangladesh. TV and radio stations broadcast special programs and patriotic songs, and many schools and colleges organise fairs, festivals, and concerts that draw the participation of citizens from all levels of Bangladeshi society.

The celebrating the fall of a wicket against Zimbabwe is one of the most popular sports in Bangladesh, followed. The participated in their first in 1999, and the following year was granted elite status. They have however struggled, recording only ten test match victories: one against, one against, one against in Sri Lanka, five against (one in 2005, one in 2013 in Zimbabwe, and three in 2014), two in a 2–0 series victory over the in the West Indies in 2009. Six of Bangladesh's ten test match victories came in between 2014 and 2017.

Became Bangladesh's first in in 1985 The team has been more successful in (ODI). They reached the quarter-final of the. They also reached the semi-final of the. They whitewashed in a home ODI series in 2015 followed by home ODI series wins against and.

They also won home ODI series by 4–0 in 2010 against and whitewashed them in the home ODI series in 2013. In July 2010, they celebrated their first-ever win over England in England. In late 2012, they won a five-match home ODI series 3-2 against a full-strength West Indies National team. In 2011, Bangladesh successfully co-hosted the with India and Sri Lanka. They also hosted the championship.

Bangladesh hosted the on four occasions in 2000, 2012, 2014, and 2016. In, Bangladesh beat India and Sri Lanka but lost the final game against Pakistan. However, it was the first time Bangladesh had advanced to the final of any top-class international cricket tournament. They reached the final again at the. They participated at the in Guangzhou, defeating Afghanistan to claim their Gold Medal in the first-ever cricket tournament held in the Asian Games. Bangladeshi cricketer is No.1 on the rankings in all three formats of the cricket.

– very popular in Bangladesh – is the national game. Other popular sports include, tennis, badminton,, basketball, volleyball, chess,,. The regulates 42 different sporting federations. Bangladesh has five grandmasters in chess. Among them, was the first grandmaster in South Asia. In another achievement,, a Russian of Bangladeshi origin, won gold medal in and became world champion in 2013 and 2014. Media and cinema.

Main articles: and The Bangladeshi press is diverse, outspoken and privately owned. Over 200 newspapers are published in the country. Is the state-run radio service. The operates the popular news and current affairs service. Bengali broadcasts from are also very popular. (BTV) is the state-owned television network. There more than 20 privately owned television networks, including several.

Remains a major concern, due to government attempts at censorship and the harassment of journalists. The dates back to 1898, when films began screening at the Crown Theatre in Dhaka. The first bioscope on the subcontinent was established in Dhaka that year. The patronized the production of several in the 1920s and 30s.

In 1931, the East Bengal Cinematograph Society released the first full-length feature film in Bangladesh, titled the Last Kiss. The first feature film in East Pakistan,, was released in 1956. During the 1960s, 25–30 films were produced annually in Dhaka.

By the 2000s, Bangladesh produced 80–100 films a year. While the Bangladeshi film industry has achieved limited commercial success, the country has produced notable independent filmmakers.

Was a prominent documentary-maker who was assassinated in 1971. The late is regarded as one of Bangladesh's outstanding directors due to his numerous productions on historical and social issues. Masud was honored by at the 2002 for his film.,, Humayun Ahmed,, and are some of the prominent directors of Bangladeshi cinema. See also: are the most popular form of public transport in Bangladesh. Dhaka, the nation's biggest city, is nicknamed the Rickshaw Capital of the World. Rickshaws also ply the streets of other major cities, as well as the countryside.

Bangladeshi rickshaws are decorated with colorful posters and boards, often depicting movie stars, national monuments or religious icons. Is considered a form of. This unique trend started in Rajshahi and Dhaka in the 1950s. Each region of Bangladesh has a distinct style of rickshaw art. For example, rickshaw art in Chittagong and Comilla are dominated by floral scenery and Arabic texts. Auto-rickshaws are widely seen in urban centers.

Cycle-driven carts are found in many parts of the country. Bangladeshi rickshaw art has received international fame, and has been called 'people's art'. Rickshaw driving provides employment for many poor Bangladeshis coming from rural areas. Museums and libraries.

A public library opened in 1882 with rare book collections from the The is the oldest museum in Bangladesh. It houses important collections from both the pre-Islamic and Islamic periods, including the sculptures of the Pala-Sena School of Art and the Indus Valley Civilization; as well as Sanskrit, Arabic and Persian manuscripts and inscriptions. The Ahsan Manzil, the former residence of the Nawab of Dhaka, is a national museum housing collections from the British Raj.

It was the site of the founding conference of the All India Muslim League and hosted many British Viceroys in Dhaka. The Palace Museum preserves artifacts of the rich cultural heritage of North Bengal, including Hindu-Buddhist sculptures and Islamic manuscripts. The houses the personal antique collections of Bengali aristocrats in central Bengal. The showcases the lifestyle of various tribes in Bangladesh. The is located in, Dhaka and has a rich collection of antiquities.

The documents the Bangladeshi struggle for independence and the 1971 genocide. In ancient times, manuscripts were written on palm leaves, tree barks, parchment vellum and terracotta plates and preserved at monasteries known as. The Hussain Shahi dynasty established royal libraries during the Bengal Sultanate.

Libraries were established in each district of Bengal by the zamindar gentry during the Bengal Renaissance in the 19th century. The trend of establishing libraries continued until the beginning of World War II.

In 1854, four major public libraries were opened, including the Bogra Woodburn Library, the Rangpur Public Library, the Jessore Institute Public Library and the Barisal Public Library. The was established in Dhaka in 1882 in honour of, the Governor-General. Other libraries established in the British period included the Victoria Public Library, Natore (1901), the Sirajganj Public Library (1882), the Rajshahi Public Library (1884), the Comilla Birchandra Library (1885), the Shah Makhdum Institute Public Library, Rajshahi (1891), the Noakhali Town Hall Public Library (1896), the Prize Memorial Library, Sylhet (1897), the Chittagong Municipality Public Library (1904) and the Varendra Research Library (1910). The Great Bengal Library Association was formed in 1925. The was established in 1959. The was established in 1972. The, founded by winner, is noted for operating numerous across Bangladesh and was awarded the UNESCO Jon Amos Comenius Medal.

• Iftekhar Iqbal (2010) The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943, Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies, Palgrave Macmillan, • M. Mufakharul Islam (edited) (2004) Socio-Economic History of Bangladesh: essays in memory of Professor Shafiqur Rahman, 1st Edition, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, • M.

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Author by: HP Roychoudhury Language: en Publisher by: Partridge Publishing Format Available: PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read: 83 Total Download: 315 File Size: 49,7 Mb Description: The main features of the book are outlined as follows: 1. A little of the author's life under political situation of India. Did our political leaders want economic growth or power of the Delhi chair? What is the function of Democracy under religious atmosphere in India? What was the status of Hindus now in Hindu Bengal, and where is their future? Economic growth of India went down but Japan's went up, why?

Why did Indian leaders give importance to religion instead of economic growth? The wonder Taj. How does life prevail in India and in the neighboring countries of India? It is also being remembered here by the two genius of the last century--Prof. W.Sudmerson, a British fellow, who dedicated his life in the service of teaching in a college of extreme northeast of India in the beginning of the twentieth century, and Swami Vivekananda, who had not only enlighten the world by his glorious speech on the religion of Hindu philosophy in Chicago but also had thought of the formation of the present existing India hundreds of years before Independence. Is it one nation of one India of Vivekananda? Author by: Lonely Planet Language: en Publisher by: Lonely Planet Format Available: PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read: 95 Total Download: 760 File Size: 49,5 Mb Description: #1 best-selling guide to Bangladesh* Lonely Planet Bangladesh is your passport to the most relevant, up-to-date advice on what to see and skip, and what hidden discoveries await you.

Cruise the Sundarbans spotting deer and tigers; stand amid the chaos of old Dhaka; or visit the lush Chittagong Hill Tracts, all with your trusted travel companion. Get to the heart of Bangladesh and begin your journey now! Angelo Branduardi Best Of Rar.

Author by: Lotte Hoek Language: en Publisher by: Columbia University Press Format Available: PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read: 11 Total Download: 229 File Size: 48,6 Mb Description: Imagine watching an action film in a small-town cinema hall in Bangladesh, and in between the gun battles and fistfights, a short pornographic clip appears. This is known as a cut-piece, a strip of locally made celluloid pornography surreptitiously spliced into the reels of action films in Bangladesh. Exploring the shadowy world of these clips and their place in South Asian film culture, Lotte Hoek builds a rare, detailed portrait of the production, consumption, and cinematic pleasures of stray celluloid. Hoek’s innovative ethnography plots the making and reception of Mintu the Murderer (2005), a popular, Bangladeshi B-quality action movie and fascinating embodiment of the cut-piece phenomenon. She begins with the early scriptwriting phase and concludes with multiple screenings in remote Bangladeshi cinema halls, following the cut-pieces as they appear and disappear from the film, destabilizing its form, generating controversy, and titillating audiences.

Hoek’s work shines an unusual light on Bangladesh’s state-owned film industry and popular practices of the obscene. She also reframes conceptual approaches to South Asian cinema and film culture, drawing on media anthropology to decode the cultural contradictions of Bangladesh since economic liberalization. Author by: Swapna Banerjee-Guha Language: en Publisher by: SAGE Publications India Format Available: PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read: 31 Total Download: 177 File Size: 45,7 Mb Description: The contemporary regime of globalisation and neoliberalism is creating a far-reaching impact on different scales across the world. On the urban scale it has resulted in a huge transformation of the city space, land use and reorganisation of the urban governance. This book is a provocative examination of the contemporary urban scenario in several countries, offering South Asian, North American and European perspectives. Written by some of the most eminent theorists and social scientists of our time, the chapters cover critical empirical analyses of the contemporary transformation processes of several cities and the related socio-economic implications.

The book focuses on the intense spatial crisis in these metropolises, reflecting contradictory processes of inclusion and exclusion—a typical characteristic of the global city space. The above crisis, the essays argue, is essentially related to the disjuncture between the ideology of neoliberalism, its everyday practices and the related societal effects. Debunking the myth of homogenisation through globalisation, this volume exposes a divided framework in which globalisation and neoliberalism work, leading to increasing polarisation. There is a special section that focuses on Mumbai, which is especially relevant to the study of India's current urban policy and its wider ramifications. The book will be extremely useful for researchers and students of political economy, globalisation and development studies, urban studies, and for urban planners, professionals and urban activists as well.

Author by: Mikey Leung Language: en Publisher by: Bradt Travel Guides Format Available: PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read: 68 Total Download: 292 File Size: 46,6 Mb Description: This updated guidebook, with a focus on responsible tourism, offers greater coverage than any other to the Chittagong Hill Tracts where 13 different ethnic groups live, and to the world's largest mangrove forest at the Sundarbans. Personal insights and anecdotes guide trailblazing travellers to those aspects of the country that are almost unknown to visitors - dolphin and whale watching, winter bird-watching in the northern wetlands and golden Bengal's silk and archaeological highlights. Author by: Francis Morgan Language: en Publisher by: Soffer Publishing Format Available: PDF, ePub, Mobi Total Read: 65 Total Download: 794 File Size: 51,8 Mb Description: Vacation Goose Travel Guide Dhaka Bangladesh is an easy to use small pocket book filled with all you need for your stay in the big city. Top 50 city attractions, top 1 nightlife adventures, top 50 city restaurants, top 13 shopping centers, top 50 hotels, and more than a dozen monthly weather statistics. This travel guide is up to date with the latest developments of the city as of 2017. We hope you let this pocket book be part of yet another fun Dhaka adventure:).